End-stage renal failure - a combination of blood loss from dialysis and low erythropoietin levels (a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production).
Bleeding disorders, such as von Willebrand disease.
Proton pump inhibitors – may impair iron absorption.
Aspirin and n on-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs - cause gastritis.
Intestinal parasitic infections, such as hookworm or tapeworm.
Helicobacter infection or atrophic gastritis, which may also lead to B12 deficiency.
Gastrointestinal bleeding - from peptic ulcer, polyps or cancer, may occur over a long period.
Cereal-based diets - decreases iron bioavailability, as phytates in grains reduce iron absorption.
Malnutrition - poverty, premature babies (milk is a poor source of iron), young children who are picky eaters.
In people living in developing countries, iron deficiency tends to be due to insufficient dietary iron intake or to blood loss from intestinal worm colonisation. In high-income countries, iron deficiency may result from a vegetarian diet, chronic blood loss, or malabsorption.
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